Compiling Regular Patterns to Sequential Machines

Pattern matching combined with regular expressions has many applications including text and XML processing, lexical analysis, classification of DNA segments and content-based routing. Patterns contain variables to refer to parts of the matching input. But regular patterns pose the problem of ambiguity: Words can be matched against 'overlapping' sections of the pattern in several ways, yielding different variable bindings. A match policy like shortest or longest match disambiguates the outcome of matching. In order to implement the longest/shortest match policies, we propose to compile regular patterns to sequential machines. This intuitive approach %to resolving ambiguities by means of shortest/longest match %policies (and the slightly different ungreedy/greedy match), with lets us derive a compilation scheme with linear runtime complexity. \par The main contributions of this paper are firstly, a decision procedure for unambiguous regular patterns, which can be matched with a single traversal of the input, and secondly, algorithms to obtain deterministic sequential machines from ambiguous patterns. These produce the shortest(longest) match in two consecutive runs. The first run produces an intermediary result from which all possible variable bindings can be reproduced. The second run then chooses the unique binding which adheres to the given match policy. In the general case, this approach is optimal

DETERMING THE LEVEL OF HEALTH LITERACY AND EVULATING DOCTOR-PATIENT RELATIONSHIPS

Sağlık okuryazarlığı, kişinin sağlığıyla ilgili bilgileri anlama, tavsiyeleri etkin kullanma, iyi sağlık düzeyini sağlama, sağlığı koruyacak bilgilere ve hizmetlere ulaşma yolunu bulma ve kullanabilme becerilerini geliştiren, destekleyen bir kültür oluşturma ve sistemden yararlanma yeteneğidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı sağlık hizmeti almış kişilerin sağlık okuryazarlık düzeylerinin, doktor-hasta iletişimi konusundaki düşüncelerinin ve sağlık okuryazarlık düzeyinin doktor-hasta iletişimine etkisinin belirlenmesidir. Araştırma kesitsel türde tanımlayıcı saha çalışması olup, farklı hizmet sunuculardan son 6 ay içinde sağlık hizmeti almış toplam 400 kişi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın bulgularına göre devlet hastanelerinden sağlık hizmeti alan kişiler hasta hekim ilişkisi yönünde daha olumlu düşünmektedirler. Erkekler kadınlara göre sağlık okuryazarlık durumlarını daha olumlu değerlendirmişlerdir. Yaş ilerledikçe sağlık okuryazarlıklarında anlamlı bir düşüş gözlenmiştir. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre bireylerin, sağlık okuryazarlığı hakkında bilinçlenmesine yönelik eğitim programlarına gerekli önem verilmesi ve sağlığı geliştirici politikalar düzenlenmesi önerilmektedir.Health literacy is a culture-building ability which improves and supports the skills relating to understand health information, use actively medical advices and provide good health level, reach information and services to protect health and take advantage of health system. The aim of this study is to determine the level of health literacy of patients, their opinions about the relations of patient and physician and the impact of health literacy on patient-physician communication. The research is a descriptive and cross-sectional field study. Its sample consists of 400 patients who applied to different health care providers last 6 months . According to findings of study, patients who prefer government hospitals think more positively about relations of patient-physician. Men evaluate their level of health literacy higher. As age increase, the level of health literacy decrease. In conclusion, training programmes and health policies should be focused and organized to improve health literacy

Damage Control Surgery

Objective: The basis of damage control surgery rests on quick control of life-threatening bleeding, injuries, and septic sources in the appropriate patients before restoring their physiological reserves as a first step followed by ensuring of the physiological reserves and control of acidosis, coagulopathy, and hypothermia prior to complementary surgery

Factors Effecting Morbidity And Mortality in Obstructing Colorectal Cancers

Aim:The aim of this study is sharing the morbidity and mortality rates and risc factors efecting the morbidity and mortality rates of patients underwent emergency operation in our clinic.Materials and Methods:Between January 2008 - July 2012 eighteen patients, 10 men and 8 women, who operated because of obstructive colorectal cancer, were reviewed. Patients were examined fora ge, sex, complication, operation type, morbidity and mortality. The effects of age, sex and tumor location on morbidity and mortality were examined.Results:Mean age of patients was 66 ± 8,6. Ten patients were elder than 70 (% 56,6). Complet obstruction was seen in 16 patients (% 88,8). In one patient perforation was seen wtih obstrucion (% 5,6). Hartmann’s procedure was performed for 12 patients (% 66,7), loop colostomy was performed for two patients (% 11,2), right hemicolectomy was performed for two patients (% 11,2), total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis was performed for 1 patient (% 5,6), right hemicolectomy with end ileostomy was performed for 1 patient (% 5,6). Morbidity was seen in 5 patients (% 27,8). Mortality was seen in two patients (% 11,2). Both patients with mortality were elder than 70 (p=0.21). There weren’t any significant difference for sex and tumor’s location.Conclusion:Morbidity and mortality rates increases in patients whom underwent emergency surgery for obstructive colorectal cancer. Being elder patient is one of the reasons. And also accompanied complications like perforation searously increase mortality and morbidity

Factors Effecting Morbidity And Mortality in Obstructing Colorectal Cancers

Bu çalışmanın amacı obstrüksiyon yapmış kolorektal kanserler nedeniyle kliniğimizde acil şartlarda ameliyat edilen hastalardaki morbidite ve mortalite oranlarını ve bunlara etki eden faktörleri sunmaktır. Materyal ve Metod Ocak 2008 - Temmuz 2012 yılları arasında mekanik bağırsak tıkanıklığına neden olmuş kolorektal kanser nedeniyle ameliyat edilen 10 erkek ve 8 kadın olmak üzere 18 hasta retrospektif olarak değerlendirildi. Hastalar yaş, cinsiyet, komplikasyon, yapılan ameliyat, morbidite, mortalite açısından incelendi. Yaşın, cinsiyetin ve tümör yerleşiminin morbidite üzerine olan etkileri incelendi. Bulgular Hastaların yaş ortalaması 66 ± 8,6 idi. 70 yaş üzerinde 10 (% 56,6) vardı. Hastaların 16’sında komplet bir obstrüksiyon izlendi (% 88,8). Bir hastada obstrüksiyonla beraber perforasyon mevcuttu (% 5,6). On iki hastaya Hartmann prosedürü (% 66,7) uygulanırken, 2 hastaya loop kolostomi (% 11,2), 2 hastaya sağ hemikolektomi (% 11,2), 1 hastaya total kolektomi ileorektal anastomoz (% 5,6), 1 hastaya sağ hemikolektomi uç ileostomi (% 5,6) uygulandı. Beş hastada morbidite izlendi (% 27,8). İki hastada mortalite izlendi (% 11,2). Morbidite görülen tüm hastalar 70 yaş üzerindeydi (p=0.21). Cinsiyete göre ve tümörün yerleşim yerine göre ise morbidite oranları açısından anlamlı fark yoktu. Sonuç Obstrüktif kolorektal kanser nedeniyle acil operasyona alınan hastalarda mortalite ve morbidite izlenme olasılığı artmaktadır. Bunun nedenlerinden birisi hastaların daha çok ileri yaşlarda olmalarıdır. Ayrıca hastalarda perforasyon gibi eşlik eden bir komplikasyon varlığı mortalite ve morbiditeyi ciddi ölçüde arttırmaktadır.Aim The aim of this study is sharing the morbidity and mortality rates and risc factors efecting the morbidity and mortality rates of patients underwent emergency operation in our clinic. Materials and Methods Between January 2008 - July 2012 eighteen patients, 10 men and 8 women, who operated because of obstructive colorectal cancer, were reviewed. Patients were examined fora ge, sex, complication, operation type, morbidity and mortality. The effects of age, sex and tumor location on morbidity and mortality were examined. Results Mean age of patients was 66 ± 8,6. Ten patients were elder than 70 (% 56,6). Complet obstruction was seen in 16 patients (% 88,8). In one patient perforation was seen wtih obstrucion (% 5,6). Hartmann’s procedure was performed for 12 patients (% 66,7), loop colostomy was performed for two patients (% 11,2), right hemicolectomy was performed for two patients (% 11,2), total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis was performed for 1 patient (% 5,6), right hemicolectomy with end ileostomy was performed for 1 patient (% 5,6). Morbidity was seen in 5 patients (% 27,8). Mortality was seen in two patients (% 11,2). Both patients with mortality were elder than 70 (p=0.21). There weren’t any significant difference for sex and tumor’s location. Conclusion Morbidity and mortality rates increases in patients whom underwent emergency surgery for obstructive colorectal cancer. Being elder patient is one of the reasons. And also accompanied complications like perforation searously increase mortality and morbidity

An Overview of the Scala Programming Language

Scala fuses object-oriented and functional programming in a statically typed programming language. It is aimed at the construction of components and component systems. This paper gives an overview of the Scala language for readers who are familar with programming methods and programming language design

An Overview of the Scala Programming Language (2. Edition)

Scala fuses object-oriented and functional programming in a statically typed programming language. It is aimed at the construction of components and component systems. This paper gives an overview of the Scala language for readers who are familar with programming methods and programming language design

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Object-oriented pattern matching

Pattern matching is a programming language construct considered essential in functional programming. Its purpose is to inspect and decompose data. Instead, object-oriented programming languages do not have a dedicated construct for this purpose. A possible reason for this is that pattern matching is useful when data is defined separately from operations on the data – a scenario that clashes with the object-oriented motto of grouping data and operations. However, programmers are frequently confronted with situations where there is no alternative to expressing data and operations separately – because most data is neither stored in nor does it originate from an object-oriented context. Consequently, object-oriented programmers, too, are in need for elegant and concise solutions to the problem of decomposing data. To this end, we propose a built-in pattern matching construct compatible with object-oriented programming. We claim that it leads to more concise and readable code than standard object-oriented approaches. A pattern in our approach is any computable way of testing and deconstructing an object and binding relevant parts to local names. We introduce pattern matching in two variants, case classes and extractors. We compare the readability, extensibility and performance of built-in pattern matching in these two variants with standard decomposition techniques. It turns out that standard object-oriented approaches to decomposing data are not extensible. Case classes, which have been studied before, require a low notational overhead, but expose their representation, making them hard to change later. The novel extractor mechanism offers loose coupling and extensibility, but comes with a performance overhead. We present a formalization of object-oriented pattern matching with extractors. This is done by giving definitions and proving standard properties for a calculus that provides pattern matching as described before. We then give a formal, optimizing translation from the calculus including pattern matching to its fragment without pattern matching, and prove it correct. Finally, we consider non-obvious interactions between the pattern matching and parametric polymorphism. We review the technique of generalized algebraic data types from functional programming, and show how it can be carried over to the object-oriented style. The main tool is the extension of the type system with subtype constraints, which leads to a very expressive metatheory. Through this theory, we are able to express patterns that operate on existentially quantified types purely by universally quantified extractors